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  • IB Biology
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  • Core
    • 1. Cell biology >
      • 1.1 Introduction to cells
      • 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
      • 1.3 Membrane structure
      • 1.4 Membrane transport
      • 1.5 The origin of cells
      • 1.6 Cell division
    • 2. Molecular biology >
      • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
      • 2.2 Water
      • 2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids
      • 2.4 Proteins
      • 2.5 Enzymes
      • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
      • 2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation
      • 2.8 Cell respiration
      • 2.9 Photosynthesis
    • 3. Genetics >
      • 3.1 Genes
      • 3.2 Chromosomes
      • 3.3 Meiosis
      • 3.4 Inheritance
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      • 4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems
      • 4.2 Energy flow
      • 4.3 Carbon cycling
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    • 5. Evolution and biodiversity >
      • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
      • 5.2 Natural selection
      • 5.3 Classification of biodiversity
      • 5.4 Cladistics
    • 6. Human physiology >
      • 6.1 Digestion and absorption
      • 6.2 The blood system
      • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
      • 6.4 Gas exchange
      • 6.5 Neurons and synapses
      • 6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction
  • Additional higher level (AHL)
    • 7. Nucleic acids >
      • 7.1 DNA structure and replication
      • 7.2 Transcription and gene expression
      • 7.3 Translation
    • 8. Metabolism, cell respiration and photosynthesis >
      • 8.1 Metabolism
      • 8.2 Cell respiration
      • 8.3 Photosynthesis
    • 9. Plant biology >
      • 9.1 Transport in the xylem of plants
      • 9.2 Transport in the phloem of plants
      • 9.3 Growth in plants
      • 9.4 Reproduction in plants
    • 10. Genetics and evolution >
      • 10.1 Meiosis
      • 10.2 Inheritance
      • 10.3 Gene pools and speciation
    • 11. Animal physiology >
      • 11.1 Antibody production and vaccination
      • 11.2 Movement
      • 11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation
      • 11.4 Sexual reproduction
  • Options
    • A. Neurobiology and behaviour >
      • A.1 Neural development
      • A.2 The human brain
      • A.3 Perception of stimuli
      • A.4 Innate and learned behaviour (AHL)
      • A.5 Neuropharmacology (AHL)
      • A.6 Ethology (AHL)
    • B. Biotechnology and bioinformatics
    • C. Ecology and conservation >
      • C.1 Species and communities
      • C.2 Communities and ecosystems
      • C.3 Impacts of humans on ecosystems
      • C.4 Conservation of biodiversity
      • C.5 Population ecology (AHL)
      • C.6 Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles (AHL)
    • D. Human physiology
  • Giving back - BioKQQAnswers

Essential idea: Information transferred from DNA to mRNA is translated into an amino acid sequence.

"The genes in DNA encode protein molecules, which are the "workhorses" of the cell, carrying out all the functions necessary for life ... In the simplest sense, expressing a gene means manufacturing its corresponding protein" http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/translation-dna-to-mrna-to-protein-393
The image above shows a table used to translate mRNA codons (which have been transcribed from DNA) into amino acids.

Understandings, applications and skills

7.3.U1 Initiation of translation involves assembly of the components that carry out the process. [Examples of start codons are not required. Names of the tRNA binding sites are expected as well as their roles.]
7.3.U2 Synthesis of the polypeptide involves a repeated cycle of events.
7.3.U3 Disassembly of the components follows termination of translation. [Examples of stop codons are not required.]
7.3.U4 Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell.
7.3.U5 Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or for use in lysosomes.
7.3.U6 Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes due to the absence of a nuclear membrane.
7.3.U7 The sequence and number of amino acids in the polypeptide is the primary structure.
7.3.U8 The secondary structure is the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonding.
7.3.U9 The tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide stabilized by interactions between R groups. [Polar and non-polar amino acids are relevant to the bonds formed between R groups.]
7.3.U10 The quaternary structure exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain. [Quaternary structure may involve the binding of a prosthetic group to form a conjugated protein.]
7.3.A1 tRNA-activating enzymes illustrate enzyme–substrate specificity and the role of phosphorylation.
7.3.S1 Identification of polysomes in electron micrographs of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
7.3.S2 The use of molecular visualization software to analyse the structure of eukaryotic ribosomes and a tRNA molecule.
[Text in square brackets indicates guidance notes]

Presentation and notes

The presentation is designed to help your understanding. The notes outline is intended to be used as a framework for the development of student notes to aid revision.
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Vocabulary

Correct use of terminology is a key skill in Biology. It is essential to use key terms correctly when communicating your understanding, particularly in assessments. Use the quizlet flashcards or other tools such as learn, scatter, space race, speller and test to help you master the vocabulary.
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Activities

Learn tRNA structure by folding a paper model by PDB101


Quick quiz

Use the BioK quick quiz on 7.3 Translation (as directed) to check your understanding of the topic.

Weblinks

Translation
Video tutorial on translation by Stephanie Castle
Translation by St. Olaf College

How translation works by McGraw and Hill
Visual of translation by HHMI
Translation by Harvard Uni
DNA Translation by John Kyrk

Polysomes
Polyribosomes by Sumanas Inc.
Protein structure
Proteins and Protein Structure by Terry Brown
Proteins (structure, bonding and function) by June Steinberg
Levels of protein structure by Biotopics
Amino acids and proteins by John Kyrk
Protein Structures and Protein Folding by John Gianni
Life Cycle of a Protein by Sumanas


Nature of Science

Developments in scientific research follow improvements in computing—the use of computers has enabled scientists to make advances in bioinformatics applications such as locating genes within genomes and identifying conserved sequences. (3.7)
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