Bioknowledgy
questioning, investigating and understanding
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  • IB Biology
    • Syllabus
    • General Resources
    • Practical scheme of work >
      • Practical activities (Labs)
      • Individual investigation
      • IB Write
      • Group 4 project
  • Core
    • 1. Cell biology >
      • 1.1 Introduction to cells
      • 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
      • 1.3 Membrane structure
      • 1.4 Membrane transport
      • 1.5 The origin of cells
      • 1.6 Cell division
    • 2. Molecular biology >
      • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
      • 2.2 Water
      • 2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids
      • 2.4 Proteins
      • 2.5 Enzymes
      • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
      • 2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation
      • 2.8 Cell respiration
      • 2.9 Photosynthesis
    • 3. Genetics >
      • 3.1 Genes
      • 3.2 Chromosomes
      • 3.3 Meiosis
      • 3.4 Inheritance
      • 3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
    • 4. Ecology >
      • 4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems
      • 4.2 Energy flow
      • 4.3 Carbon cycling
      • 4.4 Climate change
    • 5. Evolution and biodiversity >
      • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
      • 5.2 Natural selection
      • 5.3 Classification of biodiversity
      • 5.4 Cladistics
    • 6. Human physiology >
      • 6.1 Digestion and absorption
      • 6.2 The blood system
      • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
      • 6.4 Gas exchange
      • 6.5 Neurons and synapses
      • 6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction
  • Additional higher level (AHL)
    • 7. Nucleic acids >
      • 7.1 DNA structure and replication
      • 7.2 Transcription and gene expression
      • 7.3 Translation
    • 8. Metabolism, cell respiration and photosynthesis >
      • 8.1 Metabolism
      • 8.2 Cell respiration
      • 8.3 Photosynthesis
    • 9. Plant biology >
      • 9.1 Transport in the xylem of plants
      • 9.2 Transport in the phloem of plants
      • 9.3 Growth in plants
      • 9.4 Reproduction in plants
    • 10. Genetics and evolution >
      • 10.1 Meiosis
      • 10.2 Inheritance
      • 10.3 Gene pools and speciation
    • 11. Animal physiology >
      • 11.1 Antibody production and vaccination
      • 11.2 Movement
      • 11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation
      • 11.4 Sexual reproduction
  • Options
    • A. Neurobiology and behaviour >
      • A.1 Neural development
      • A.2 The human brain
      • A.3 Perception of stimuli
      • A.4 Innate and learned behaviour (AHL)
      • A.5 Neuropharmacology (AHL)
      • A.6 Ethology (AHL)
    • B. Biotechnology and bioinformatics
    • C. Ecology and conservation >
      • C.1 Species and communities
      • C.2 Communities and ecosystems
      • C.3 Impacts of humans on ecosystems
      • C.4 Conservation of biodiversity
      • C.5 Population ecology (AHL)
      • C.6 Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles (AHL)
    • D. Human physiology
  • BISV Revision
  • Giving back - BioKQQAnswers

Essential idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes.

The image above is an electron micrograph of a pancreatic exocrine cell. It clearly shows the complex structures present in eukaryote cells.

Understandings, Applications and skills:

1.2.U1 Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization.
1.2.U2 Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure.
1.2.U3 Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes.
1.2.A1 Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf.
1.2.A2 Prokaryotes divide by binary fission.
1.2.S1 Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs.[Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA.]
1.2.S2 Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs.[Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.]
1.2.S3 Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells.
[Text in square brackets indicates guidance notes]

Starters

The cell song by Mr W.
organelle meet and greet
  • You have 5 minutes to find out about a chosen organelle choices are limited to: free ribosomes, RER, lysosome, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion and nucleus
  • Label yourself with the name of the organelle
  • When your organelle is named introduce yourself to the other organelles, describe your structure, where you can be found, and your function to the other organelles
  • When it is your turn move around the room and find out about other organelles
  • Tell the class about an organelle other than yourself
How well are your drawing skills progressing? Test yourself and then watch and improve your own example prokaryote and eukaryote cells (ignore the numbers - they refer to the old syllabus)


Presentation and notes

The presentation is designed to help your understanding. The notes outline is intended to be used as a framework for the development of student notes to aid revision.


Vocabulary

Correct use of terminology is a key skill in Biology. It is essential to use key terms correctly when communicating your understanding, particularly in assessments. Use the quizlet flashcards or other tools such as learn, scatter, space race, speller and test to help you master the vocabulary.


Quick Quiz

Use the BioK Quick Quiz on 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells (as directed) to check your understanding of the topic

Useful weblinks

A tour of the cell
gives a good introduction to the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and why they are small, but not too small
Prokaryote Structure
McGraw-Hill online learning
has a very basic introduction to prokaryotes. Listen and read then move on to the other resources.
Use the Wiley Science or the Shepard Software tutorials to reinforce learning and augment your notes.
The Shepard Software game is a quick easy way to review prokaryotic cell structure.
Pearson's Biocoach can also be used to review your learning. Put your books away and use the quiz to check how much knowledge and understanding you have retained.

Pathogens

Learn about pathogens in a fun way by reading their microbe passports - a great resource from Microbiology Online

Binary fission - cell division in bacteria
Bacteria can grow and divide potentially once every 20 minutes. This is a factor in making them a very successful type of organism. Cells Alive illustrates bacterial growth very well. They also have a comprehensive gallery of different cell images.
Eukaryote Structure
Use the Wiley Science or the Shepard Software tutorials on both animal and plant cells to reinforce learning and augment your notes.
The John Kyrk animation is a very straighforward way to learn about the anatomy of a typical animal cell
The Shepard Software games are a quick easy way to review eukaryotic cell structure.
Learn about the structure of eukaryotic cells using the tutorial and self-test from Mr T Brown
Pearson's Biocoach can also be used to review your learning. Put your books away and use the quiz to check how much knowledge and understanding you have retained.
This interactive animation from the University of Utah allows you to explore inside animal and plant cells, learning about the roles of the organelles and other sub-cellular structures.

Roles of organelles

What is the function of golgi apparatus (KScience)? This animation is a nice easy visual explanation
The explorable animal cell by St Olaf College includes links to other sites to give further detail on the organelles
The endomembrane protein synthesis animation by St Olaf College shows the roles the different organelles play in the creation of proteins for secretion

Communication between eukaryotes
Learn about the inside story of cell communication by learn.genetics

Nature of science:

Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. (1.8)

International-mindedness:

Microscopes were invented simultaneously in different parts of the world at a time when information travelled slowly. Modern-day communications have allowed for improvements in the ability to collaborate, enriching scientific endeavour.


Micrographia by Robert Hooke is one of the earliest works about cells. It is kindly published by the US National Library of Medicine

Theory of knowledge:

The world that we inhabit is limited by the world that we see. Is there any distinction to be drawn between knowledge claims dependent upon observations made by sense perception and knowledge claims dependent upon observations assisted by technology?
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